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Transactions aren't simply signed. Each transaction contains half of a program written in a stack-based language called Script:

https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script

One of the things that didn't make sense to me initially was how the Bitcoin network could "know" that a condition had been fulfilled. For example, paying a dowry requires a marriage to have taken place. Likewise, an escrow contract might require proof of delivery of an item.

How could a contract know that the condition had been met?

Oracles offer a solution. The Orisi project has created a framework for setting up and using Oracles for smart contracts:

https://github.com/orisi/orisi



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